Dec 20, 2562 BE ... Moreover, its filter is easy to replace and maintain as well, and this is why UV (Ultra Violet) water purifier is sufficient for purifying tap ...The price for a whole house well water filtration system depends on its type. There are basic sediment filters available for less than $100. Powerful and complex setups with multiple filter stages designed to remove different types of contaminants like metals, perfluorinated chemicals and bacteria are much more costly. $1000-1500 is probably a ...When you’re changing your vehicle’s oil, not only do you want to replace the old oil, but replace the oil filter itself. The oil filter plays an important role in keeping dust, dir...Dec 23, 2023 · The SpringWell WS Whole House Well Water Filter System removes sulfur, manganese, and up to 7 PPM of iron from water. This filter is our top pick for iron removal thanks to its incredibly efficient, virtually maintenance-free performance. Contaminants Removed: $2204.09+. Contaminants Removed: Up to 7 PPM Iron, 8 PPM Hydrogen Sulfide & 1 PPM ... The best iron filter for well water in 2024 is the SpringWell WS, because it effectively removes up to 7 ppm ferrous and ferric iron as well as sediments, manganese, and sulfur. Also, it lasts for up to 10+ years, is easy to install and maintain (backwashes automatically), fast (12-20 gpm), and backed by a satisfaction guarantee and lifetime ...Sep 12, 2565 BE ... ... system of 6 wells and 2 water tanks serving about 170 homes. ... An under-sink or POU water filtration system treats the water only at one ...Bestseller No. 1 LifeStraw Peak Series Personal Water Filter for... Bestseller No. 2 Membrane Solutions 5 Micron 10"x2.5" String Wound... $32.98. Bestseller No. 3 L'eggs womens Everyday Women's Nylon Knee Highs... $7.97. Last update on 2023-12-15 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising …Step 4: Flush Your Well. If you’re lucky, you’ll be able to solve the problem of muddy well water by simply flushing your well to pump out the mud and “resetting” your water quality. It’s worth flushing your well before deciding on a form of long-term water treatment.Aquasana 500,000 Gallon Well Water Whole House Filter – 6-Stage Well Water Filtration System Product dimensions: 69 x 10.5 x 57 inches Filtration Capacity: 5,000,000 gallons of waterOct 17, 2023 · 📖 3 Best Well Water Filtration Systems. If you’ve realized that you actually need to filter your well water – by physically removing impurities like metals and organic contaminants – you need a water filtration system. We’ve listed a few of the best filtration systems for well water, as proven in our own testing, below. Oxidation Filters 38% OFF. SpringWell’s whole house water filter is the perfect solution for removing those harmful contaminants found in our city’s municipal water. Our system uses the highest quality catalytic carbon and certified kdf media to target and remove harmful contaminants like chlorine, chloramine, PFOA, PFOS, pesticides, herbicides, haloacetic ...The system requires no maintenance and combining the Well Water Filter System and a powerful UV system will be a powerhouse solution giving you and your family clean, safe, great tasting water at every tap. Springwell Water …Switch off your whole house water supply by turning the water shut-off valve, then open a faucet to relieve water pressure. Locate the filter housing and twist the housing off the main unit. Remove the old filter and replace it with the new filter. Screw the filter housing back onto the main unit.Yes, activated carbon filters are suitable for well water – but that doesn’t mean they’re the best choice for your water treatment requirements. Activated carbon is typically used to treat chlorinated city water because its main purpose is to remove chlorine. Private well water isn’t treated with chlorine …Dec 21, 2023 · Check on Springwell. Best for Microbial Contamination. Aquasana Well Water Filter System. If your focus is microorganisms, you can't go wrong with Aquasana's whole-house filtration. Its combination of UV and KDF filtration eliminates 99.9% of viruses and bacteria. Check on Amazon. SpringWell Whole House Well Water Filter System. This SpringWell WS1 Whole House Well Water Filter System is our top pick for the best sulfur filter for well water. This high-tech, easy-install water filter system uses innovative technology to economically filter well water, reducing up to 8 PPM of hydrogen …Your local well contractor should be able to carry out an annual well system inspection. Inspections usually include:. An inspection of the equipment and components that make up the well, ensuring they are sanitary and meet requirements in your local area.; A flow test and water level checking to ensure the pump is operating as it should.; A water test for …The Whole House Water Filtration System that is built for the Well water supply needs a little more treatment than what a normal water treatment filter would give. Well, water could contain contaminants like bacteria which is a common problem with wells. Bacteria and other contaminants can be introduced into the Well from groundwater through a combination of …Dec 23, 2023 · Best Overall: US Water Systems Defender Whole House RO System. Runner Up: Crystal Quest Whole House Reverse Osmosis System. Budget Option: iSpring RCB3P. Alternate Choice: WECO HydroSense Light Commercial Reverse Osmosis Water Filter System. Best Overall Whole-House Iron Filter: SpringWell WS Series 9.7/10. Effectively removes traces of iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide. Works on ferrous, ferric, and organic iron. Bluetooth remote monitoring and control make management easy. Backed by a lifetime warranty and money-back guarantee.Carbon filters, especially activated carbon filters, are a popular choice among well owners due to their ability to improve water taste and odor. They work by adsorbing organic compounds and chlorine in the water, effectively removing elements that cause bad taste and smell. Additionally, they can eliminate volatile …When it comes to a whole house water filtration system for well water, there are only a few models that we trust most. 1. Springwell ULTRA Whole House Well Water Filter System Combo. Flow Rate: 9 - 20 GPM flow rate. Efficiency: 99.96%. Filtration Capacity: 1,000,000 Gallon capacity.If you’re concerned about the quality of your tap water, installing a whole house water filter system could be the solution you’ve been looking for. One of the main benefits of ins...Best overall: SpringWell PF-10. Jump to review. Best eco-friendly sediment filter: RKIN CBS. Jump to review. Best budget option: Culligan R50 … Whole House Well Water Filter System and Water Softener Bundle for Iron, Sulfur Odor, Sediment, Hardness Removal. Add to Cart. Compare $ 772. 34 $ 858.16. Save $ 85. ... While you may choose to pay $300-$500 for point-of-use reverse osmosis systems, the price of whole house well water filtration systems can reach as much as $5,000 depending on the brand and model. Moreover, if the water is hard, you will also need to purchase a well water softener system to remove the hard water minerals. These units cost $300 ...Check on Springwell. Best for Microbial Contamination. Aquasana Well Water Filter System. If your focus is microorganisms, you can't go wrong with Aquasana's whole-house filtration. Its combination of UV and KDF filtration eliminates 99.9% of viruses and bacteria. Check on Amazon.ULTRA Whole House Well Water Filter Salt-Free System Combo LIFETIME WARRANTY-Available Upgrades. UV Water Purification System + $1100.99. Reverse Osmosis Water Filter System + $457.83. Subtotal: $ 4465.85. Number of Bathrooms: quantity- ULTRA Whole House Well Water Filter Salt-Free System Combo quantity ...The Best Water Filters. Best Faucet Filter: PUR PLUS Water Filtration System. Best Pitcher: Brita Large Water Filter Pitcher. Best Under Sink Filter: Aquasana 2-Stage Under Sink Water Filter ...Taste 5/5 ★★★★★. Unit Cost: ~ $114. CuZn’s UC-200 is the ultimate install-it-and-forget-it under sink water filtration system. It’s a no-nonsense unit with a minimalist design — set it up under the sink in minutes and enjoy clean water for five years or 50,000 gallons with no costly cartridge changes. Features.Reverse osmosis water filters have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their ability to remove impurities and provide clean, great-tasting drinking water. Under-sink...Feb 23, 2024 · This is a five stage system, so it filters out sediments and particulate matter with both pre-and post-filters, a copper-zinc KDF filter, a salt-free water conditioner, and a UV filter. The UV filter is the most crucial component for any well water filtration system, and this one sterilizes 99.99 percent of all bacteria and viruses present in ... GE Whole House Water Filtration System & Basic Filter GXWH20T & FXUSC at Amazon ($53) Jump to Review. Best Filter and Softener Combo: AQUASURE Whole House Filtration …SoftPro pH Neutralizer Calcite Water Filter. If you have well water with a pH of less than 6, you need a specialized acid neutralizer that can treat water with an especially low pH – and we think the SoftPro pH Neutralizer is the very best available for this purpose. Price: $1,799+. pH Range: 5.5 – 6.9.The price for a whole house well water filtration system depends on its type. There are basic sediment filters available for less than $100. Powerful and complex setups with multiple filter stages designed to remove different types of contaminants like metals, perfluorinated chemicals and bacteria are much more costly. $1000-1500 is probably a ...And remember that our water testing of rust water or iron water is always free. Give us a call now at 1-800-684-0979. The call is free. Budget Priced Iron Filters and Iron Removal Water Treatment Systems for Well Water. Salt and chemical free, no maintenance well water filter.Then trained water testers filter it and examine how well the filter removes those taints compared with pure spring water. We measure flow rate by the time it takes to filter 1 gallon of water ...Benefits of ultrafiltration: · Premiere zero waste ultrafiltration system · PS-1000 Ultrafiltration Membrane Filter - Well Water Filter System.2. Epic Nano: Best Drinking Water Filter Pitcher for Well Water. Epic Nano is the best water filter pitcher for well water if you’re concerned about contaminants. A multi-stage filtration system performs as an under-the-sink system and removes all kinds of contaminants from your well water.📥 Reverse Osmosis. Reverse osmosis water treatment can effectively eliminate more than 99.9% of all total dissolved solids, including nitrates.. How it Works. A reverse osmosis filtration system is typically installed at a specific point of use in your home and consists of several filters, including a sediment filter, a …Jan 8, 2567 BE ... Expert Picks · #1 SpringWell WS Whole House Well Water Filter — Best Overall · #2 Aquasana Rhino UV Well System — Best For Hard Well Water ·...Activated carbon filters are tanks or cartridges filled with carbon media that traps contaminants as water passes through the filter. Dirty water goes in — clean water comes out. Among water purification systems, activated carbon filters are the simplest and have the fewest operational requirements.Learn about the most common and effective types of well water filters, such as sediment, air injection, UV, water softener, reverse osmosis, and more. Find out how to choose …Learn everything you need to know about owning a home with well water, including common contaminants, water testing, and water treatment systems. Find out how to filter well …Courtesy of Amazon. List Price: $139.95. The APEC Under-Sink Water Filter System is an ideal choice for anyone seeking a cost-effective and high-quality solution to supply clean drinking water to their home. This advanced system offers triple filtration for pure water from your faucet.Mar 1, 2024 · The best whole house water filter for well water in 2023 is the Springwell WS1 Water Filter System. It comes with offerings such as air injection oxidation for iron & sulfur removal, 12 – 20 GPM water flow rate and 4+ bathrooms capacity. Check the Springwell WS1 Price. Iron, sulfur and manganese are the most common well water contaminants ... When it comes to a whole house water filtration system for well water, there are only a few models that we trust most. 1. Springwell ULTRA Whole House Well Water Filter System Combo. Flow Rate: 9 - 20 GPM flow rate. Efficiency: 99.96%. Filtration Capacity: 1,000,000 Gallon capacity.The unit is offered in two different finishes for the handheld style, but you can also opt for a standard showerhead or purchase just the filter as well. This filter uses a system that combines KDF (copper-zinc) and coconut carbon. Together, they work to avoid bacteria and algae growth and significantly reduce chlorine in …🧾 Overview. The Springwell Whole House Well Water Filter, also known as the SpringWell WS, is a high-capacity well water filtration system designed to remove up to 7 PPM of iron, 8 PPM of hydrogen sulfide, and 1 PPM of manganese.. It’s a point-of-entry system, which means it treats your water …An iron water filter is a water filtration system that uses different treatment methods such as air oxidation or ion-exchange to remove iron from water. The best iron removal system for well water in 2023 is the Springwell WS1 Well Water Filter. It uses air injection & oxidation to remove 7 ppm of iron, 8ppm of hydrogen sulfide and 1 ppm of ...Best for Municipal Tap Water: SpringWell CF. Best Cartridge Based: Kind E-1000 Whole House Water Filter. Premium Pick: DROP Whole House Backwashing Filter. Best for Well Water: SpringWell WS. Budget Tank System: SoftPro Whole House Upflow Carbon Filte r.📥 Reverse Osmosis. Reverse osmosis water treatment can effectively eliminate more than 99.9% of all total dissolved solids, including nitrates.. How it Works. A reverse osmosis filtration system is typically installed at a specific point of use in your home and consists of several filters, including a sediment filter, a …Nanofiltration Removes Viruses From Your Water Supply. As the name suggests, this filter has a pore size of 1 nanometer or 0.001 micron. This is also the smallest pore size available for filters. They are highly effective in removing all living organisms present in your water, even viruses.Whole House Well Water Filtration System Filters Iron Sulfur Manganese and More 1 in. Digital Valve 1 cu. ft. (238) $ 499. 00 $ 630.20. Express Water. 3 Stage Whole House Water Filtration System - Sediment, KDF, Carbon - includes Pressure Gauges and more (204) $ 499. 99. APEC Water Systems.The Aquasana EQ-WELL-UV-PRO-AST water filter system is an advanced six-stage system designed specifically for use with well water. It is on the pricey side and costs several times more than some of the other systems we reviewed, but Aquasana states that it will clean your water for 5 years, or roughly …During backwashing, water flows through the filter tank in the opposite direction, flushing the filter bed. This causes the media to expand, releasing the trapped contaminants. These impurities are washed away with the water and are drained out of the tank. The media is clean and free from contaminants one more.A whole house filter is better than an under-sink water filter because it’ll treat your entire home’s water supply. Brian Campbell. President & CEO, CWS, CWR. The quality of your well water determines whether it needs to be filtered. However, in most cases, the answer is yes: well water does need to be filtered.The Epic Smart Shield is our runner-up under-sink carbon filtration unit, coming second place to the Clearly Filtered under-sink system. We love this Epic system for its ability to remove 99.99% of 70 different tap water contaminants with activated coconut carbon block filter media.Learn about the most common and effective types of well water filters, such as sediment, air injection, UV, water softener, reverse osmosis, and more. Find out how to choose …This Complete Whole House Well Water Filtration Package includes our top-selling Pro+Aqua PRO-100-E 3-Stage ELITE Filtration System, the top choice for well water filtration PRO-WELL-1E, and the PRO-S-80E 80,000-grain high capacity water Softener. These 3 systems are bundled together to provide 5 stages of unmatched filtration.Pro Aqua ELITE Whole House Water Filter 3 Stage Well Water Filtration System with Gauges, PR Button, 1 Ports, Filter Set. Add to Cart. Compare $ 683. 99 $ 759.99. Save $ 76.00 (10 %) (25) …RKIN U1. Save to Wish List. This countertop water filter includes a built-in mineral filter, hot and cold water dispensing, smart touchscreen display with preset buttons for various cup sizes, plus it’s easy to set up and install, and totally portable. $749.95 at Amazon. 4 / 9.Top 5 Whole House Water Filters for Manganese. Product. Description. #1) SoftPro Iron Master Ultimate Filtration. Max Manganese Level: 7 ppm. Filter Media Life: 8 to 10 Years. Flow Rate: 6 to 12 GPM (Peak) Dimensions: 48″ to 54″ H x 9″ to 12” Diameter.Filter Type: The most common filters are activated carbon or regular carbon, but some may be sedimentation as well.Each filter type offers its own pros and cons, though most options on this list feature an activated carbon filter. Weight: Though most faucet water filters are lightweight, we made note of how much each option weighs. Orientation: We noted if the …Enjoy safer, cleaner water throughout your entire home with the range of tested and certified whole house water filtration systems from A. O. Smith.This Complete Whole House Well Water Filtration Package includes our top-selling Pro+Aqua PRO-100-E 3-Stage ELITE Filtration System, the top choice for well water filtration PRO-WELL-1E, and the PRO-S-80E 80,000-grain high capacity water Softener. These 3 systems are bundled together to provide 5 stages of unmatched filtration.Aquasana Well Water Filter System. If your focus is microorganisms, you can't go wrong with Aquasana's whole-house filtration. Its combination of UV …Top 1. Culligan WH-HD200-C. Jump to Review. Top 2. Express Water V-WH300SCKS. Jump to Review. Top 3. iSpring WGB32BM. Jump to Review. …Experience the Best Non-salt, Non-chemical Whole House Water Well Water Filtration System. ... Choose ECOsmarte for clean, safe water without the hassle. With ...Nanofiltration Removes Viruses From Your Water Supply. As the name suggests, this filter has a pore size of 1 nanometer or 0.001 micron. This is also the smallest pore size available for filters. They are highly effective in removing all living organisms present in your water, even viruses.Mar 1, 2024 · The best whole house water filter for well water in 2023 is the Springwell WS1 Water Filter System. It comes with offerings such as air injection oxidation for iron & sulfur removal, 12 – 20 GPM water flow rate and 4+ bathrooms capacity. Check the Springwell WS1 Price. Iron, sulfur and manganese are the most common well water contaminants ... Mar 24, 2019 · 1. SpringWell Whole House Iron Filter For Well Water. Check Latest Price. If you have a well and are tired of the orange and black stains on your toilets and the rotten egg smell from the sulfur, check out the Springwell Whole House Well Filter, a top-selling water filter for well in the industry. Using the latest technologies in water ... Oct 17, 2023 · The best way to treat hard water in a well is with a water softener. A water softener uses a simple natural reaction to remove minerals responsible for hard water, like calcium and magnesium. Installing a water softener at your home’s point of entry will protect you entire plumbing system from hard minerals and trace amounts of iron and ... Easy to change filters. Cons. Less water efficient than non-RO filters. The Brondell under-sink water filter costs less than many reverse osmosis (RO) systems. According to our pros, it's easy to ...Nanofiltration Removes Viruses From Your Water Supply. As the name suggests, this filter has a pore size of 1 nanometer or 0.001 micron. This is also the smallest pore size available for filters. They are highly effective in removing all living organisms present in your water, even viruses.Activated carbon filters are tanks or cartridges filled with carbon media that traps contaminants as water passes through the filter. Dirty water goes in — clean water comes out. Among water purification systems, activated carbon filters are the simplest and have the fewest operational requirements.Ultrafiltration is a filtration process that uses a high pressure to force water through a membrane. Ultrafiltration has a tiny pore size of 0.1-0.01 microns, making it a good choice for …Check on Springwell. Best for Microbial Contamination. Aquasana Well Water Filter System. If your focus is microorganisms, you can't go wrong with Aquasana's whole-house filtration. Its combination of UV and KDF filtration eliminates 99.9% of viruses and bacteria. Check on Amazon.The AquaTru water filter dispenser removes over 80 contaminants, one of the highest among the water filters we tested, which earned it one of the top spots in our tests. We verified that it ...SpringWell Whole House Well Water Filter System. This SpringWell WS1 Whole House Well Water Filter System is our top pick for the best sulfur filter for well water. This high-tech, easy-install water filter system uses innovative technology to economically filter well water, reducing up to 8 PPM of hydrogen …7. Aquasana Rhino Whole House Filtration System. The Aquasana Rhino is a worthy runner-up to the Springwell CF1 whole house water filter for tap water. It removes up to 97% of chlorine and reduces the presence of VOCs, mercury, lead, herbicides, and pesticides. This system operates with a unique upflow dual …When it comes to ensuring the quality and safety of the water we use in our homes, having a reliable water filter is essential. For owners of Whirlpool appliances, there are variou...Dec 23, 2023 · Best Overall: US Water Systems Defender Whole House RO System. Runner Up: Crystal Quest Whole House Reverse Osmosis System. Budget Option: iSpring RCB3P. Alternate Choice: WECO HydroSense Light Commercial Reverse Osmosis Water Filter System. A new study suggests boiling hard tap water for two to five minutes and then filtering it can remove nearly 80% of nanoplastics and microplastics present. …For starters, a whole-house filtration system may be necessary. These systems filter water at the point of entry, providing cleaner well water to all taps in your house. By removing components such as iron, chlorine, sulfur and more, these systems can help limit issues such as unpleasant tastes and odors as well as staining in tubs and sinks ...
Oct 17, 2023 · The best way to treat hard water in a well is with a water softener. A water softener uses a simple natural reaction to remove minerals responsible for hard water, like calcium and magnesium. Installing a water softener at your home’s point of entry will protect you entire plumbing system from hard minerals and trace amounts of iron and ... . Kirk star trek
The Best Water Filter for Well Water. The following well water systems can improve the quality of your groundwater and reduce your risks of being exposed to microorganisms, heavy metals, chemicals, and other dangerous particles. 1. Springwell ULTRA Filter: Top Choice For Whole House Filtration.The iSpring RCC7 is the most effective filter in our review. The model uses a five-stage reverse osmosis filtration process with NSF certified filters. It removed 100% of chlorine, fluoride, copper, and lead. It also removed 99.88% (2297.3 of 2300 mg/l) of sulfate and 99.91% (629.42 of 630 mg/l) of iron.The price for a whole house well water filtration system depends on its type. There are basic sediment filters available for less than $100. Powerful and complex setups with multiple filter stages designed to remove different types of contaminants like metals, perfluorinated chemicals and bacteria are much more costly. $1000-1500 is probably a ...Mar 10, 2024 · OVERALL: 9.7/10. The SpringWell CF1 is the market leader for whole-house water filtration because it uses four-stages to remove 99% of chlorine, chloramine, VOCs, forever chemicals such as PFAS, herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other common city water contaminants. RKIN U1. Save to Wish List. This countertop water filter includes a built-in mineral filter, hot and cold water dispensing, smart touchscreen display with preset buttons for various cup sizes, plus it’s easy to set up and install, and totally portable. $749.95 at Amazon. 4 / 9.Oct 17, 2023 · How much does a well water filtration system cost? The cost of a well water filtration system is $800-$2,500 on average. The upfront cost varies depending on the system size and complexity, the number of filter stages, the technology used, the flow rate, the manufacturer’s reputation, and more. Can I use an under-sink water filter to filter ... The Epic Smart Shield is our runner-up under-sink carbon filtration unit, coming second place to the Clearly Filtered under-sink system. We love this Epic system for its ability to remove 99.99% of 70 different tap water contaminants with activated coconut carbon block filter media.Jan 25, 2024 · #6. Home Master HMF3SDGFEC 3-Stage System – Whole House Water Filter for Well Water #7 SpringWell WS — Best System For Well Water #8. Home Master HMF2SMGCC 2-Stage System – Best for Tap Water #9. 3M Aqua-Pure Whole House Water Filtration System #10. iSpring WGB22B 2-Stage 20-Inch Big Blue Whole House – Best Value #11. Great Holding Capacity: Epic Nano Water Filter Dispenser. Top Choice for Travel Abroad: Sawyer Tap Filtration System. Runner Up Gravity Bag: LifeStraw Flex Advanced Water Filter with Gravity Bag. Runner Up Pump Style: Katadyn Vario Water Filter. Alternative Pump Style: MSR MiniWorks EX Microfilter Water Filter.SpringWell Water offers drinking water filters, water softeners & whole house systems at factory direct pricing. Water systems are designed, assembled, and packaged in the U.S.A. My Account; No products in the cart. ... Well Water Filter and Salt Based Water Softener $ 3,302.35 – $ 4,416.90-Select options; Sale! Salt Based Water Softener ...Switch off your whole house water supply by turning the water shut-off valve, then open a faucet to relieve water pressure. Locate the filter housing and twist the housing off the main unit. Remove the old filter and replace it with the new filter. Screw the filter housing back onto the main unit.Oxidizing Media Filters. An oxidizing media filter uses manganese dioxide to oxidize hydrogen sulfide gas, turning it into insoluble sulfur particles, which are then trapped in the filter media.. This type of filter can also oxidize iron, another common well water contaminant. You may also see an oxidizing media filter …And this system is also extremely compact. Finally, the Aquasana AQ-5200 is one of the best values we’ve found in under-sink filters, typically costing about $140 up front for the whole system ...Reverse osmosis is a better way of providing clean and pure drinking water for households. The reverse osmosis water filtration systems rely on a semi-permeable ...38% OFF. SpringWell’s whole house water filter is the perfect solution for removing those harmful contaminants found in our city’s municipal water. Our system uses the highest quality catalytic carbon and certified kdf media to target and remove harmful contaminants like chlorine, chloramine, PFOA, PFOS, pesticides, herbicides, haloacetic ...Windows only: Freeware program The Filter is an iTunes plugin that scans and analyzes your iTunes library to help you create playlists on-the-fly with a common theme. Windows only:...The OmniFilter BF7a Whole House Water Filter System reduces dirt, sand, sediment and rust particles from your water and comes complete with an RS6 Rust and Sediment Filter and filter wrench. It will also accept OmniFilter's T08, R06, RS15, RS18 and RS16 filters. Uses Big Blue Heavy Duty Replacement Water Filter ….